HC Verma Class 12 Physics Solutions Chapter 41

About the chapter: HC Verma Solutions Class 12 Physics Chapter 41

When gas is ionised and an electric current flows across it, this is called an electric discharge. Depending on many factors, the discharge may give off visible light. In order to make lighting sources and high-voltage electrical equipment, scientists look into the way gases discharge electricity.

At atmospheric pressure, gases aren’t really good at turning electricity on and off. So, you need something called a “gas-discharge tube” to send an electric current through a gas. Most of the time, a gas discharge tube is a glass tube with two electrodes sealed into its walls. When a voltage is put between the two electrodes, the pressure of the gas inside the tube goes down. Eventually, the pressure drops to the point where a current flows too fast and the gas starts to glow. Most of the time, the gleam shows up when the pressure is between 5 torr and 15 torr.

Neon signs work like this: a tube with an electrode at each end is filled with a low-pressure gas, and the electrodes are given a high voltage (usually between 1000 and 5000 volts). The colour of the glow depends on what kind of gas is inside the tube. Neon gives off a red glow, helium gives off a pale, dull glow, and argon gives off a blue glow. Mercury vapour also gives off blue light, and sodium vapour gives off a colourless light.

Neon signs are made with either neon gas or a mix of neon gas and mercury vapour. Using multicoloured tubing or fluorescent coatings on the inside of the tubes can make a range of colours that can be seen.

Terms relating to Chapter 41

Electrons: An electron might be a stable elementary particle with a negative electrical charge. Unlike protons and neutrons, electrons don’t have even smaller parts that make them up. Each electron has a charge of 1.602 x 10^-19 coulomb and a mass that is much smaller than that of a neutron or proton. An electron has a mass of 9.10938 x 10^-31 kg. Most of the time, this is about 1/1836 the weight of a proton.

e^– is often used as a symbol for an electron. The particle that is the opposite of an electron and has a positive charge is called a positron or an antielectron. The symbol for a positron is either e⁺ or +. When an electron and a positron hit each other, they destroy each other and release energy in the form of gamma rays.

Protons: The charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom are called protons. The electromagnetic force pushes the protons apart, but the strong interaction, which is stronger over short distances, pulls them back together (these distances are a few FM or 10^-15 m). The size of a proton is only about 10^-15 m, which is 10,000 times smaller than the size of an atom. Even though protons are so small, they push against each other with about 100 N of force, which is like the weight of a small dog.

The charge on a proton is exactly the same as the charge on an electron but in the opposite direction. So, the number of electrons in an atom that is neutral is usually the same as the number of protons. Quarks, which are smaller particles, are the building blocks of both protons and neutrons. The number is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. This number tells us what kind of element an atom is. In other words, the element changes when the number of protons changes.

The atomic number, which is the number of protons, changes when a nucleus decays in any of its many ways. (3) The problem with changing the number of protons on purpose in a nucleus is what made alchemy fail for so long. Alchemy was an attempt in the Middle Ages to turn lead into gold.

Neutron – The neutron has significant advantages over other types of radiation when studying the microscopic structure and dynamics of condensed matter (solids and liquids) in our surrounding environment. Neutron scattering tells us a lot about how condensed matter behaves at the microscopic level. It has a big impact on our experimental and theoretical understanding of materials, from magnetism and superconductivity to chemical surfaces and interfaces.

A neutron is an elementary particle that is not charged and has 1,839 times the mass of an electron. Neutrons are stable when they are in an atomic nucleus, but they only live for about 1000 seconds when they are free. Since the neutron and the proton make up almost all of the mass of an atomic nucleus, they are both called nucleons. 

HC Verma Solutions Class 12 Physics Part 2 Complete Syllabus

• Chapter 23 – Heat and Temperature
• Chapter 24 – Kinetic Theory of Gases
• Chapter 25 – Calorimetry
• Chapter 26 – Laws of Thermodynamics
• Chapter 27 – Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
• Chapter 28 – Heat Transfer
• Chapter 29 – Electric Field and Potential
• Chapter 30 – Gauss’s Law
• Chapter 31 – Capacitors
• Chapter 32 – Electric Current in Conductors
• Chapter 33 – Thermal and Chemical Effects of Current
• Chapter 34 – Magnetic Field
• Chapter 35 – Magnetic Field due to a Current
• Chapter 36 – Permanent Magnets
• Chapter 37 – Magnetic Properties of Matter
• Chapter 38 – Electromagnetic Induction
• Chapter 39 – Alternating Current
• Chapter 40 – Electromagnetic Waves
• Chapter 41 – Electric Current through Gases
• Chapter 42 – Photoelectric Effect and Wave-Particle Duality
• Chapter 43 – Bohr’s Model and Physics of Atom
• Chapter 44 – X-rays
• Chapter 45 – Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices
• Chapter 46 – The Nucleus
• Chapter 47 – The Special Theory of Relativity

Features of Utopper HC Verma Solutions Class 12 Physics Chapter 41

• Students can solve similar problems on their own with the help of HC Verma’s answers in the Utopper.
• Students are given answers that are correct and easy to understand.
• The solutions are given to match the level of understanding of a student in that class.
• The HC Verma solutions that Utopper gives the answer to and explains all of the questions in each chapter.